陶瓷

本頁整理唐代至清代陶瓷發展重點，配合圖像作簡潔學習。

學習目標

了解唐代至清代陶瓷工藝的發展。
認識中國陶瓷工藝的特色。
掌握彩瓷的發展過程。

導言

陶瓷其實是陶器和瓷器的總稱。

陶器是用黏土製成的器皿，胎質疏鬆粗糙，可在較低溫燒成。

瓷器以瓷土為原料，堅硬、細緻而潔白，須在高溫下燒成。

唐三彩

唐代出現色彩豐富的唐三彩陶器，常見綠、黃、白、藍、褐等釉色。

釉燒溫度約攝氏八百度，形成斑駁而活潑的表面效果。

仕女俑 — 仕女俑唐三彩代表作品之一，展現人物造型與多彩釉色效果。

載樂舞隊駝俑 — 載樂舞隊駝俑以駱駝與樂舞人物組合，反映唐代社會與文化交流。

單色瓷的發展

宋代瓷器以單色為主，釉色雅淡含蓄，氣質如文人。

元代雖仍偏向單色，但加入繪畫裝飾，風格更豐富。

宋、元名窯

窯是燒製瓷器的地方。宋代瓷窯分為官窯與民窯兩類。

官窯

由朝廷直接管轄，專門燒製皇室用品。

民窯

由民間主理，不受官方管制，多燒製日常用品。

景德鎮

景德鎮位於江西省，有「中國瓷都」之稱。

北宋中期曾燒製青白瓷；明清時期設御窯廠，專供宮廷瓷器。

宋、元瓷器圖像

青瓷三足樽 — 青瓷三足樽宋代官窯汝窯代表作。高 12.9 厘米，北京故宮博物院藏。

定窯孩兒枕 — 定窯孩兒枕尺寸 30 × 11.8 × 18.3 厘米，北京故宮博物院藏。

褐花瓷鏡盒 — 褐花瓷鏡盒磁州窯為宋代北方主要民窯，以黑褐與白色裝飾，採釉下彩燒成。

青花釉裏紅花卉蓋罐 — 青花釉裏紅花卉蓋罐結合青花與釉裏紅，器身花紋具鏤空浮雕感，為前代少見裝飾法。

明、清彩瓷

清初西方輸入陶瓷彩料，裝飾燒製更華麗、色彩更豐富，彩瓷工藝高度發展。

鬥彩蓮紋瓷蓋罐 — 鬥彩蓮紋瓷蓋罐明朝成化。高 12.7 厘米，口徑 6.2 厘米，北京故宮博物院藏。

五彩鏤空雲鳳紋瓷瓶 — 五彩鏤空雲鳳紋瓷瓶以五彩裝飾並結合鏤空技法，呈現繁麗華美風格。

粉彩福壽雙全碟 — 粉彩福壽雙全碟蝙蝠與桃實寓意福壽，粉彩色調柔和細膩。

琺瑯彩碗 — 琺瑯彩碗琺瑯彩工藝精細，色彩層次豐富，是清代彩瓷重要類型。

相關網頁

瓷器藏品 1：http://www.npm.gov.tw/dstore/db.htm

瓷器藏品 2：http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/eastcer/eastcer-main1.html

香港藝術館藏品：http://www.usd.gov.hk/hkma/chinese/collections/collection.htm

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Ceramics

A clean learning page on ceramic development from the Tang to Qing dynasties.

Learning Objectives

Understand the development of ceramic craft from Tang to Qing.
Identify key characteristics of Chinese ceramics.
Trace the evolution of polychrome porcelain.

Introduction

“Ceramics” is a general term covering both pottery and porcelain.

Pottery is made from clay with a looser, rougher body and is fired at lower temperatures.

Porcelain is made from porcelain stone/clay, harder and whiter, and requires high-temperature firing.

Tang Sancai

Tang Sancai (three-colour glazed ware) is known for rich glaze colours such as green, yellow, white, blue and brown.

Glazes were commonly fired at around 800°C, creating lively variegated surfaces.

Three-colour Figurine of a Woman — Three-colour Figurine of a Woman A representative Tang sancai figure with vivid multi-glaze treatment.

Three-colour Camel with Musicians — Three-colour Camel with Musicians A lively composite form reflecting Tang-era social and cultural exchange.

Development of Monochrome Porcelain

Song wares are mostly monochrome, with elegant and restrained glaze tones.

Yuan ceramics remained largely monochrome but introduced painted decoration.

Famous Song and Yuan Kilns

Kilns are sites where ceramics are fired. Song kilns are commonly grouped into official and private kilns.

Official Kilns

Supervised by the court and producing wares for imperial use.

Private Kilns

Operated by common artisans, mainly making everyday wares.

Jingdezhen

Jingdezhen in Jiangxi is known as China’s “Porcelain Capital”.

It produced Qingbai porcelain in the Northern Song and hosted imperial kilns in the Ming and Qing periods.

Song and Yuan Works

Celadon-Glazed Zun with Three Feet — Celadon-Glazed Zun with Three Feet A notable Song official-kiln Ru ware. Height: 12.9 cm. Palace Museum, Beijing.

White Porcelain Pillow in the Form of a Boy — White Porcelain Pillow in the Form of a Boy Dimensions: 30 x 11.8 x 18.3 cm. Palace Museum, Beijing.

Brown Porcelain Floral Mirror Box — Brown Porcelain Floral Mirror Box From Cizhou kiln, a major northern private kiln using black-brown and white underglaze decoration.

Jar with Openwork Design in Blue and Red Underglaze — Jar with Openwork Design in Blue and Red Underglaze Combines blue-and-white and underglaze red with a carved openwork-like relief effect.

Ming and Qing Polychrome Porcelain

Imported pigments in the early Qing enriched firing techniques, making decorative porcelain more brilliant and technically advanced.

Covered Jar with Lotus Medallion in Contrasting Colours — Covered Jar with Lotus Medallion in Contrasting Colours Chenghua reign, Ming dynasty. Height: 12.7 cm; mouth diameter: 6.2 cm. Palace Museum, Beijing.

Wucai Vase with Cloud and Phoenix Designs — Wucai Vase with Cloud and Phoenix Designs A decorative piece combining wucai enamels with elaborate openwork motifs.

Fencai Dish Decorated with Bats and Peaches — Fencai Dish Decorated with Bats and Peaches Bat and peach motifs symbolize blessings and longevity in Chinese visual language.

Enamelled Bowl — Enamelled Bowl Finely painted enamel decoration with rich color layering, typical of Qing polychrome craft.

Related Websites

Ceramic Collection 1: http://www.npm.gov.tw/dstore/db.htm

Ceramic Collection 2: http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/eastcer/eastcer-main1.html

Hong Kong Museum of Art: http://www.usd.gov.hk/hkma/chinese/collections/collection.htm